15.4.2009 | 15:43
Já, Jesús reis virkilega upp frá dauðum
Þar sem Vantrú var með grein eftir Dan Barker þar sem hann færir rök fyrir því af hverju hann efast um upprisu Krists þá vil ég endilega benda á grein þar sem nokkrum af rökum Dan Barkers er svarað. Þetta er ekki svar við greininni á Vantrú en hún verðskuldar alveg sér svar.
Fyrir utan þá grein þá langar mig að benda á: The Resurrection of Jesus, Hin sögulega krossfesting Jesú, Ástæður til að treysta Nýja Testamentinu, Handrit Nýja Testamentisins, Er vitnisburður Nýja Testamentisins trúverðugur?, Hver er þjónninn sem Jesaja 53 talar um?
En hérna er greinin; kannski mun ég einhvern tíman finna tíma til að þýða greinina yfir á íslensku.
A Critical Look at "Losing Faith in Faith"
A few years ago, this author took an excursion down a little-known skeptical side street. I ordered, via interlibrary loan, a copy of Dan Barker's Losing Faith in Faith.[Bark.LFIF]
I'm glad I did. Naturally, I had to consult it to do a more comprehensive job on our contra-Barker contradictions piece; but more than that, it gave me the occasion to see how yet another high-level skeptic operates - and as has continued to be the case, I find myself more persuaded than ever that the rejection/renunciation of Christian faith is never the result of forthright intellectual doubts.
We will begin with a couple of general and personal observations before migrating into specifics.
- First, I once said here that we shall not here be providing a full refutation to Barker's material, for Barker's squalling "village atheism" is more likely to put off prospective converts (on all sides) than it is to make any real difference in the present dialogue. Not only so, but most of what Barker brings up is "old hat." That he thinks that the "who caused God" reply is sufficient to the First Cause argument for theism tells us how far behind the philosophical eight-ball he actually is! But now, I will offer a complete commentary on those parts of Losing Faith in Faith that touch upon alleged Biblical errors and issues. See comments by chapter number. (Those parts that contain Barker's biographical data, and other parts, will not be fully addressed.)
- Now for my general "psychological" observation on the subject. Barker repeatedly stresses that asking questions about his motives and psychology in becoming an atheist are simply ad hominem - we cannot ask whether he became an atheist for emotional and psychological reasons, and we are assured that his conversion to atheism was the end result of a careful and logical process.
The evidence, however, points in precisely the opposite direction. Barker's guilt and shame over having once believed is as evident and intrusive as a herd of elephants grazing in your living room. However, rather than dwell on this, and rather than engage what Barker would simply term further ad hominem (instead of actually addressing the question of his motives), I will only pose a question to the reader, following a brief discourse.
Barker openly admits that he spent several months pretending to be a faithful Christian during his "deconversion" process from a less faithful Christian to an atheist. During this time he put on a face to others - pretending to be a genuine believer, to the point of leading religious services, when in truth his heart was elsewhere. He admits this openly, along with admitting the shame, guilt, and embarrassment he felt (and apparently continues to feel) at ever having believed as he did.
The question I have is this: If Barker so willingly and willfully deceived others in this fashion, for several months no less, what reason is there for taking his word on the matter of his conversion to atheism being the product of a sincere and well-intentioned search and analysis? Why should we take his word about his own honesty and searching now?
Making It Tick
In terms of Barker's personal motivations, ultimately we can do no more than speculate. However, there are two lines of direct evidence that, I daresay prove that Barker's professed objectivity is a sham.
The first reason is this. By and large, Barker (to say nothing of countless other skeptics) relies on what I have called "argument by outrage" to make his points. That is, he uses arguments that are based not on logic, but on his personal outrage at the contents of the Biblical record. These consist of all the familiar strains, of course: The slaughter of the Canaanites; the stoning of the man who picked up sticks on the Sabbath...and, of course, the biggest and sorest point of all, eternal punishment. Compared to the extermination of the Canaanites, this one is a gorilla; all other objections pale beside this one. So, to this we go as an example of Barker's methodology of "argument by outrage."
Early in his work, Barker tells us of a relevant story of a discussion he had on the matter of eternal punishment [42], which occurred sometime after his declaration of disbelief. While meeting with some Christian friends in a restaurant, he posed the following to them:
I'm not a bad person. I'm honest. If I walk out of this restaurant and get killed by a truck, will I go straight to hell?
The declaration of being "honest" is a peculiar one, in light of the fact that Barker has at this point already explained how he lied to himself and to others by playing a farce as a "false believer" for months! Nevertheless, note the reaction he records by his friends: They squirmed uncomfortably, and finally said, yes, he would go to hell. At this Barker comments:
I wanted to make the brutality of Christianity clear to them. I knew it would be hard for them to imagine their God punishing someone like me.
To which I might reply, that Barker's friends might well have had something of a lack of imagination! The point, however, is this: Whatever the truth about God and eternity may be, the above is NOT an argument, but rather a shame-faced appeal to the emotions. It is an "argument by outrage" - and these sorts of arguments form the core of most of Barker's objections.
We will not endeavor here to provide answers to these sorts of charges. There is no need: Simply stating outrage is not a sufficient form of argument; it is merely a substitute for true argument, with the intention to win over the prospective convert by means of tugging on their heartstrings like an orchestral harp. If the reader finds the God of the Bible cruel, unjust, bloodthirsty, etc., as Barker does, then that is their own personal problem. What must be done -- but I have seldom seen done -- is an analysis proving that a given action/directive by God was indeed unfair and/or cruel. (Don't expect skeptics to offer an analysis of this kind, and certainly not one informed by the complex of social factors involved in each situation. Those seeking an exploration of such specifics are invited to use the Encyclopedia's Scripture indices; we provide links to several items by Glenn Miller, who has done much of the necessary work in this regard.)
Of course, Barker would say of this position, "Why, you're a barbarian! How can you be so analytical when people are being killed, how can you say such an outrageous, etc. etc. blah blah blah." Well, fine: That's just another "argument by outrage." The questions that remain unanswered are: 1) Does this God exist? 2) Is what the Bible says true, whether in whole or in part? 3) Is God's judgment just, and if you think it isn't, what reason can you give for saying so, other than that you don't like it?
Even then, of course, we still have no sufficiently-based answer as to whether the God of the Bible is a just and fair one in His treatment of us. I say that He is. Barker says that He is not. Also, what can Barker offer as proof, other than his own personal point of view? It is terminally amusing to examine Barker's grievances about the inequity of the God of the Bible, and offering his own standards as proof. Is Barker (or any skeptic) really informed enough about the social situation of the ANE to make such judgments? In no place does Barker give us adequate reason to prefer his personal morality over any other. Simply offering shocked outrage, and dealing with the moral (and other) arguments for the existence of God in ham-handed fashion, is not enough.
So we conclude, in summary fashion, our overview of the first reason why we should not take the texts of Dan Barker seriously. Now to the second and more obvious reason to suspect that Barker is not the objective skeptic he professes to be - and that is a reason that deserves a section of its own.
|Sham Scholarship
To be fair, all of Barker's efforts at "argument by outrage" might carry some weight if Barker could actually provide some sort of logical or factual reasons to doubt Christianity. However, it is precisely at such points that Barker's presentation is weakest, and where his rampant "village atheism" stands out most sorely. To be quite blunt, it is plain that Barker should have paid much more attention to what was going on in his seminary classes while he had the chance.
This is not to say that Barker is totally uneducated in his subject matter. We have alluded to seminary classes: He attended Azusa Pacific College and took a number of relevant courses. By his own admission, however, he "coasted through college" [22] and retained little that was useful - for his heart was with evangelism, and he "believed that (his) education was secondary to (his) calling." I think that the significance of this admission will become obvious as we explore some of Barker's errors.
Generally, Barker touches upon a number of areas that we and Glenn Miller have discussed elsewhere, and as we progress with a full critique, we will provide more specifics; generally, we have: the matter of the Quirinian census; the supposed "anonymity" of the Gospels; the alleged bias of the NT writers (with the gratuitous quote of John 20:31 included); the standard bit about Isaiah 7:14; the association of Christianity with Mithraism (a position NOT held Mithraist scholars at this date; see here for more) - and most painfully of all, in what ought to be a profound embarrassment to skeptics everywhere, Barker gives space to the idea that Jesus did not even exist at all, dealing with the secular evidence for the existence of Jesus in a way that makes Arthur Drews seem brilliant and reasonable by comparison!
There is no indication that Barker has consulted the works of Josephan, Tacitean, or Greco-Roman scholars, or of any professional historians. His cited sources (on those rare occasions where he DOES provide them!) include three or four "gems," but gems which are badly scratched by an overwhelming number of landfill items: J. M. Allegro's The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth; Baigent and Leigh's Dead Sea Scrolls Deception; Dennis McKinsey's Biblical Errancy newsletter; Gordon Stein's response to Josh McDowell; Skepitc X's Skeptical Review; and of course, several works by G. A. Wells! What sort of intellectual discipline does the use and implied recommendation of these sources suggest?
There were a few gross errors of scholarship that caught my eye particularly, and which we can consider briefly:
- We find the typical skeptical sin of overreading to make one's point: Repeating the usual litany against the miraculous, Barker categorizes as "outrageous" the story of the "resurrection of thousands of dead bodies on Good Friday." [377] Where did that "thousands" come from? Matthew gives no number; he simply says that "many" were resurrected. Given that ANY number of people resurrected is unusual, there could have been only five or ten to account for the description of "many." (Of course, Barker would quarrel with THAT also; the point is that he has performed eisegesis for the purpose of scoring points.)
- Barker spends a few paragraphs criticizing the Golden Rule [347-8]. He first points out that the rule is paralleled in other cultures. "The Golden Rule is not unique to Jesus, nor did it start with Christianity." No one with any knowledge ever claimed that it was, or did. This is the same straw man that we have dealt with elsewhere.
Now it has been noted, of course, that the superiority of the Golden Rule lies in that it is stated positively rather than negatively, as are the parallels. It pointedly directs the doing of good deeds. Barker is aware of this. But then he scribbleth upon the restroom wall:
But the positive version is ambiguous; the negative version is useful. What if you are a masochist? Should you 'do unto others' what you would like to have done unto yourself?
And so on - such manipulation would be funny were it not so tragic; but ANY complex rule could be thus manipulated. One of the negative parallels cited by Barker from Buddhism reads: "Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful." A splendid sentiment: May the masochist then feel free to hurt people in ways that he does not find hurtful himself?
Either way Barker's manipulations fail. The masochist could not use the Golden Rule in his favor, because what specific action is taken is overruled by the intent and purpose behind it, and the results. The masochist wishes to be hurt because it gives him pleasure. He would therefore be required to do things to others that give them pleasure, if they so desired - and applying the same sort of masochistic treatment that he enjoys to another person would not cause them pleasure. My own manipulation of the Buddhist parallel could be answered similarly.
- Barker devotes an entire chapter (21) to the question of context, as he hands out a series of advisories on what to do when a "fundamentalist" charges the skeptic with quoting a verse out of context to make a point.
Regarding Isaiah 45:7 (and this also applies to Lam. 3:38 and Jer. 18:11), Barker quotes as follows:
When Isaiah quotes the Lord as saying, 'I create evil [ra]' (Isaiah 45:7), does it really mean 'evil' or is it simply 'calamity' as some apologists assert? (Though that wouldn't seem to solve much.) Looking through the rest of the book of Isaiah we find that the Hebrew word ra indeed means 'evil' in a moral sense.
Barker follows with examples of this usage of ra = evil from Is. 7:16, 13:11, and from Genesis. He closes:
To say that 'God created evil' is not to take things out of context at all. (All you need to do this yourself is an inexpensive English concordance, such as Strong's or Young's that indicates the original Hebrew and Greek for each word.
With due respect to Strong's (which I own) and Young's, which are indeed highly useful tools, I would advise the reader that one would "need" a lot more than just these books to do proper research - college courses, properly attended, might be particularly helpful; it might also be a good idea to check some commentaries by people who know Hebrew or are professional OT scholars - and that would include plenty of folks who are not fundamentalists or inerrantists. But let's attend to this particular from the OT, using better information from our sources. See here.
For an answer on Luke 14:26, see here.
For a response to Chapter 13 on the matter of prayer, see here.
|Barker Am God: Chapter 19
Barker has a habit of thinking he can address in a few pages and sound bites issues that have been discussed seriously by the intelligent for years. How bad is this ego trip? Bad enough that in this chapter, Barker takes the role of God. And not the God we know, but one asking questions of a theologian.
Barker may be trying to be funny in some of these passages -- it is hard to tell. When he has "God" say, "Jesus sometimes calls me 'Father,' and that feels good, but since he and I are the same age and have the same powers, it doesn't mean much" [138] -- I cannot tell if he is making a joke, or if he is indeed this uninformed of the nature of the relationship between Jesus and the Father (see here).
In that light, I have for this chapter just a few directive comments.
Where did I come from? -- As noted before, Barker is so far behind the intellectual and philosophical eight-ball that he thinks that "Who created God?" is an end-all answer to the First Cause argument. Bertrand Russell thought this too, and that's probably where Barker drew this from, but sophisticated atheists have realized that First Cause is more sophisticated than this. Barker does not even address the problem of an infinite regression of causes; instead he is content to fill his God's mouth with wistful questions like, "If you need a designer, then why don't I?" This is said about ten different ways to Sunday, but it simply doesn't address the issue; it is no more than a sound bite. Barker would be unable to rebut a Plantinga or a Craig.
What's it all about? -- The operative question here is, "Why did God create us?" Barker knows the standard answer -- which is correct -- that our purpose is to serve God and to please Him. Barker first throws in another version of the "Who created God?" argument by asking, "What is God's purpose?" Elsewhere I see that Barker has little grasp of the concept of God's timelessness -- as he says here, "Am I consigned for eternity to sit here and amuse myself...?" "I'm just sort of hanging out, I guess." Purpose is sought out of need to address the experience of duration. An eternal being does not experience time or duration, and hence has no need to find a "purpose".
For more related to this section, see here.
Deciding Right and Wrong -- some answers may be found here and here.
This section on morality and its relation to God is one in which Barker's "God" has some moral confusion. "How am I supposed to choose what is moral? Since I can't consult any authority, the thing to do, it appears, is to pick randomly...If I whimsically say that you should not make any graven or molten images...then that is that. If I decide that murder is right and compassion is wrong, you have to accept it." [146]
To use the graven images example, there is nothing "whimsical" about this command. Elsewhere he shows that he thinks it is a command against art; in fact it is a command against idolatry, as we show here. Would it be moral for God to allow us to worship a false god, and to deceive ourselves? If God is the source of eternal life, would it be moral for Him to allow us to be distracted and risk losing it?
The further questions are often posed in this way: "If God told you to commit rape, would you do it?" This is posed often as a dilemma by skeptics, but let's put this in perspective. One would be hard pressed to imagine a case where a rape or a murder would be a "greater good", but no one could deny such a theoretical possibility. If I were ordered by God to kill an innocent baby, and there was no question that the directive came from God, would I do it? In return I ask: What if that innocent baby was Adolf Hitler, and killing him was the one way to prevent the deaths of millions within the next 40-60 years, to prevent the plunging of the world into war leading to the deaths and misery of millions more? The argument offered here simply doesn't allow for thinking in more than two dimensions; it merely reacts to the immediate experience and goes no further. I consider it a non-dilemma. God possesses all knowledge and knows what the greater good is. We do not, and Barker does not.
|No Context: Chapter 21
In this chapter Barker really (as Weird Al Yankovic would say) dives headfirst into the exegetical swimming pool of double-edged razor blades, and tries to demonstrate his hermeneutical sufficiency with the Biblical text. Here are answers to what is found in this chapter:
- Psalm 14:1 vs. Matthew 5:22
- Matthew 19:12 and Origen
- Anonymity of the Gospels, Dates of the Gospels -- see link above
- John 20:31 and "bias" in the NT
- Isaiah 7:14
- Is. 45:7 -- we find especially ironic Barker's advice to buy a concordance and flounder around in it!
- Barker hints that the Golden Rule was borrowed from Hillel, "who may have got it from the Brahmans", who may have taken it from Confucius or the Zoroastrians...well, at least we aren't the only ones accused of morality theft. Do not expect any tangible proof from Barker of such borrowing (i.e., evidence that Hillel had Brahman works in his possession); there is none. Moreover, it is hardly as though different people could not come up with the same moral ideas on their own, or that there is any actual problem if Jesus cited a recognized moral teaching and thereby endorsed it.
- Micah 5:2 and related matters
- A general endorsement of the "pagan copycat" thesis -- no specifics are given here, so no answer can be provided, but we shall see elsewhere that Barker endorses some rather absurd notions in this context
- Luke 14:26
- Slavery in the Bible
- Ephesians 5:22 "Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord." Barker asks, "Can Christian husbands be blamed for thinking that this verse allows them to lord it over their wives?" Yes, they can, for those who do so miss verse 25: "Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it..." I know of no Christian man who could read this and in good conscience play the part of Archie Bunker.
- Leviticus 24:16 "And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him..." Barker asks: "Why shouldn't a fundamentalist Christian believe that the Ayatollah was morally right to sentence author Salman Rushdie to death?" [159] This is yet another "Barker Begged Question" -- Barker believes neither Christians nor Muslims are right, so it is proper to treat them as equally in error. But if Christians (and Jews) are right, Lev, 24:16 served a righteous purpose, and Rushdie was sentenced to death for no good reason; whereas if Muslims are right, Rushdie was sentenced justly.
- Proverbs 23:13 and 20:30 -- "Can Christian parents be faulted for beating their kids?" Actually, yes -- these verses were written to a society that constantly was on the brink of anarchy. Those who need perspective should read Crenshaw's Education in Ancient Israel.
Material in Chapters 22 and 23 is answered in various places on this page, notably here; consult the Encyclopedia scripture index for citations. Chapter 24 is dealt with here. For Chapter 25, see the links for Is. 7:14 and Micah 5:2 above, plus here, plus Longenecker's Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period. See here on Tyre.
|All Crossed Up
Chapter 26 of Barker's book is entitled, "Cross Examination." Barker includes in this chapter a few salient points about the trivialization of the cross as a symbol of Christianity (i.e., its use as jewelry or as a social symbol). These are things that any serious Christian would find agreeable. Where Barker's inadequate investigation of his subject comes to the fore is in his treatment of two particular issues related to the fact of the cross of Christ itself.
After a few mild complaints about having to see the cross of a church outside his office windows, Barker begins with a form of "argument by outrage" - one that does more to reveal an aspect of his personal squeamishness than it does effect any serious argument against Christian faith. He writes [202]:
A cross is not beautiful. It is an emblem of humiliation, agony and death. It represents a public execution, like a gallows, guillotine, or gas chamber. Approaching a cross is like walking into a firing squad. Try to picture a steeple supporting an electric chair; or imagine people wearing noose jewelry!
And after a few complaints of similar nature from one of his cohorts, he continues:
Suppose someone saved your life by blocking a terrorist's attack, but died from the bullets. Would you hang little gold machine guns on your ears?
Barker closes this aspect of his "argument by outrage" with citations from a few hymns about the blood of Jesus. Is this not offensive, he asks?
Aside from the admittedly excellent points about the trivialization of the cross, Barker here has missed the point badly - and would not have, had he consulted the excellent work of Martin Hengel [Heng.Cx] on this subject. The shame of the cross, so to speak, was just as much a problem in the first century as it is today from Barker's perspective. (See on this subject also our reply to Earl Doherty.) Hengel, whose work is recognized as the premier work on the subject of crucifixion in the ancient world, observes that "crucifixion was an utterly offensive affair, 'obscene' in the original sense of the word." (22) The process was so offensive that the Gospels turn out to be our most detailed description of a crucifixion from ancient times - the pagan authors were too revolted by the subject to give equally comprehensive descriptions!
This being the case, we may fairly ask why Christianity succeeded at all. The ignominy of a crucified savior was as much a deterrent to Christian belief as it is today - indeed, it was far, far more so! Why, then, were there any Christians at all? There can be only one good explanation: Because from the cross came victory, and after death came resurrection! The shame of the cross turns out to be one of Christianity's most incontrovertible proofs! Fair enough to say that the cross has been misused as a symbol: But had a person in an electric chair been executed unrighteously, and risen from the dead after dying for our eternal salvation, well might some house of worship place an empty chair upon their steeple - with the clasps undone, to proclaim the victory over the conquered instrument of death!
Now to the second issue, one more connected to technical details, and quite astonishing in its baldness. Barker writes:
There is no cross in Christianity. No cross at all!
The enduring emblem of atonement is an impostor. There is no cross anywhere in the Bible...The words which have been translated 'cross' and 'crucify' in the New Testament are (Greek word) (pronounced 'stau-ross' or 'stav-ross') and (Greek word) ('stav-ro-oh'). All translators, even fundamentalists, agree that a (Greek word) is not a cross.
Barker goes on to cite Vine's and a couple of other works indicating that the word we translate "cross" actually means an upright pale or stake. He adds, citing another source, that a stauros was never in the shape of a cross or a T. He continues:
There is no cross in early Christian art before the middle of the fifth century, where it (probably) appears on a coin in a painting. The first clear crucifix appears in the late seventh century.
Any Bible that contains the word 'cross' or 'crucify' is dishonest...
We may ask, of course: What scholarly works has Barker consulted to arrive at these conclusions, which run against the grain of the conclusions of literally thousands of Biblical scholars and historians of all persuasions? Raymond Brown's magisterial commentary, The Death of the Messiah, [Brow.DMh] perhaps? Hengel's comprehensive monograph on crucifixion in the ancient world, already alluded to?
Hardly. In fact, the one source that Barker lists, other than the original Greek texts of the NT and related translation aids like Vine's, is Herbert Cutner's, Jesus: God, Man or Myth! Had Barker consulted the works of Hengel, Brown, and perhaps a few others of a more academic bent, he would have discovered that his objections are way, way off base! (Cutner himself inspires little confidence: His only stated qualification is that he is "one of England's leading Freethought writers," and he is said to be the author of a book on sex worship (!). His work is a mix of badly outdated information [even in 1950 when he wrote!], focusing mainly on the ideas that Jesus did not exist and that pagan influence created Christianity. His own treatment of the evidence is scarcely more impressive than Barker's, and earned him an article of his own.)
True enough: The word stauros does refer to an upright stake. But stauros was used in the Gospels by synecdoche to refer to the entirety of the cross! [ibid., 913] This was a known literary practice when describing a crucifixion, and perhaps a signal of how revolting it was thought to be: Single parts of the cross, like the crossbar (patibulum), could be referred to as a "cross," and the entire cross could be referred to by the names of individual pieces like the stauros - as was the case with the Gospels. (Brown cites parallels to this practice in the works of Seneca and Tacitus.) This bit of information, along with information from Plautus indicating standard practice for crucifixion, tells us what we know today: That what Jesus carried was the crossbeam, and the actual stauros was embedded at the site of the crucifixion. (The stauros itself, Brown adds, could refer to a stake which "people could be attached to in various ways: Impaling, hanging, nailing, and tying." To this we can also add Josephus' confirmation of Jesus' fate, although Barker considers those references to be interpolations.)
So there is no foundation here for Barker's stauros argument; what about the rest? Again, not digging further than Cutner and a few base reference works makes for some poor judgments: Brown reports that the cross symbol itself appears in catacombs in the third century, and becomes common by the fourth. There are also about a half-dozen depictions of the crucified Jesus dated between the second and fifth century.
Also, what of the actual shape of the historical cross? The descriptions we have, indicating that Jesus carried a crossbeam, mean that the cross was either shaped like a capital T or a lower case t. The latter was favored by Ireneaus and Tertullian, and was supposed from Matt. 27:37, which indicates room for the printed charge against Jesus above his head. The former was favored by Justin (though for reasons of supposed prophetic fulfillment) and is indicated by Barnabas 9:8, an apocryphal work from near the end of the first century.
So what does it boil down to? Barker's objections are not the product of serious scholarship. They are, rather, the product of his own personal squeamishness over the shed blood of Christ (one hopes that Barker does not cut himself while shaving), and his personal animosity towards a church steeple and cross that he happens to find annoying. Here, then, is quite incontrovertible proof that Barker was no objective convert to atheism. His appeals are reflective only of an axe to grind.
Tekton research assistant "Punkish" adds some thoughts:
...from Vine's Complete Expository dictionary of Old and New Testament words p138
CROSS, CRUCIFY A. Noun stauros (4716 Strong's #) denotes, primarily, "an upright pale or stake." On such malefactors were nailed for execution. Both the noun and the verb stauroo, "to fasten to a stake or pale," are originally to be distinguished from the ecclesiastical form of a two beamed "cross". The shape of the latter had its origin in ancient Chaldea, and was used as the symbol of the god Tammuz (being the shape of the mystic Tau, the initial of his name) in that country and in adjacent lands, including Egypt. By the middle of the 3rd cent. A.D. the churches had either departed from, or had travestied, certain doctrines of the Christian faith. In order to increase the prestige of the apostate ecclesiastical system pagans were received into the churches apart from regeneration by faith, and were permitted largely to retain their pagan signs and symbols. Hence the Tau or T, in its most frequent form, with the crosspiece lowered, was adopted to stand for the "cross" of Christ.
I note that my full quote from Vine's refutes Barker's misquote, in which he removes key phrases like "apostate ecclesiastical system" and that pagans were received into churches "apart from regeneration"! Here's another: he misses out a phrase in Cutner, who actually notes a social piece of data (that tells you how close to the mark Barker is in historical study!) The phrase is "..it was used in the cruelest fashion to execute criminals and other persons obnoxious to the governing classes" (JGMM, 60)
As for the Chi, or X, which Constantine declared he had seen in a vision leading him to champion the Christian faith, the letter was the initial of the word "Christ" and had nothing to do with "the Cross" (for xulon, "a timber beam, a tree" as used for the stauros, see under TREE)
I'm a little frustrated to see that no references are given to support the claims of ecclesiastical compromise, but in any case Tertullian answers that one:
His hands and feet were fastened with nails to the cross-beam and stake (Tertullian, "Adv. Judæos," 10) (Tertullian definitely being prior to mid 3rd century contra Vine's claim)
...From the Epistle of Barnabas 12:2, "The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unless, saith he, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any he stretched out his hands, and so Israel was again victorious." This passage from Exodus (17:11) is also cited by Tertullian (Against Marcion III.18) while discussing crucifixion. Also Clarke's commentary on this verse tells us that the Church fathers considered this a figure of Christ on the cross. So I think Vine's is incorrect over the introduction of a cross-beam in the church and its date (and therefore Barker for using this source), while respecting the man's training and status as a scholar.
Schaff history vol 2 sect.77 "The cross was despised by the heathen Romans on account of the crucifixion, the disgraceful punishment of slaves and the worst criminals; but the Apologists reminded them of the unconscious recognition of the salutary sign in the form of their standards and triumphal symbols, and of the analogies in nature, as the form of man with the outstretched arm, the flying bird, and the sailing ship..."
Justin Martyr - dialogue with Trypho chap 91 (before 165 AD) After quoting Joseph's blessings in Genesis (mentions a unicorn?) then says the cross is a like-figure, giving the following description: "For the one beam is placed upright, from which the highest extremity is raised up into a horn, when the other beam is fitted on to it, and the ends appear on both sides as horns joined on to the one horn. And the part which is fixed in the centre, on which are suspended those who are crucified, also stands out like a horn; and it also looks like a horn conjoined and fixed with the other horns." Now I don't really know what is meant by "unicorn" here, whether it means the mythical horse of not, but you surely cannot say that the two-beamed cross was unknown ...Barker says "There is no cross in early Christian art before the middle of the fifth century, where it (probably) appears on a coin in a painting. The first clear crucifix appears in the late seventh century." Having read Schaff's history of the Church on crucifixion I now realise what he's on about. The above paragraph refers to the crafted figure of Jesus on a cross (note the ref to "art"!) rather than the empty two-beamed execution implement. Schaff says this is as late as Barker relates, but ALSO that the empty cross (in terms of execution) gets mentioned much earlier in church history. Schaff also says: "The CRUCIFIX, that is the sculptured or carved representation of our Saviour attached to the cross, is of much later date, and cannot be clearly traced beyond the middle of the sixth century. It is not mentioned by any writer of the Nicene and Chalcedonian age. One of the oldest known crucifixes, if not the very oldest, is found in a richly illuminated Syrian copy of the Gospels in Florence from the year 586.475 Gregory of Tours (d. 595) describes a crucifix in the church of St. Genesius, in Narbonne, which presented the crucified One almost entirely naked.476 But this gave offence, and was veiled, by order of the bishop, with a curtain, and only at times exposed to the people. The Venerable Bede relates that a crucifix, bearing on one side the Crucified, on the other the serpent lifted up by Moses, was brought from Rome to the British cloister of Weremouth in 686.
See here for Chapter 27.
|Hardly Charitable
In Chapter 37, "Age of Unaccountability," Barker addresses the matter of charitable giving. Again we willingly concede that in certain places Barker makes salient points, regarding misuse of funds and the need for accountability. However, as before, the force of these salient points is lost on the fact that they are bookended by personal anecdotes from Barker's own life (which hardly reflect on anything, other than of course his own personal and familial issues), and by what can only "charitably" be called outright misrepresentation.
Let's begin with the most blatant error. Seeking to answer his own question, "(H)ow much does the average church actually contribute to the needy?", Barker cites an article by George Gallup, Jr. and Jim Castelli that records the results of a 1988 study of almost 300,000 churches - indicating "the percentage of all congregations that have selected charity services." [Bark.LFIF, 257] Statistics are given for the percent of such churches that selected services for homeless shelters, meal services, and the environment, with churches being in the categories of liberal, moderate, conservative, and very conservative. In each case, the liberals score the best, in the 40th percent rank, and the numbers get lower as we get more "conservative." Barker then notes similar numbers for other areas: "family planning, day care, civil rights, and the arts". [ibid.] He concludes that "This shows that considerably less than half of all churches are involved in any kind of charity." [ibid., 258]
There are several problems with this analysis:
- First, one wonders why there is no "very liberal" category!
- Second, while we may observe that shelters and meals are certainly part of a church's mission, and day care and environment might be, since when is a church obliged to contribute to "family planning" (which many find objectionable, especially when the words are a euphemism for "abortion") and "the arts"????? How many starving children has that ballet troupe fed today?
- Third, and the most important point of all: The study does NOT tell how many churches are involved in ANY kind of charity. It tells how many have SELECTED CHARITY SERVICES! (In this regard it is not surprising to see that liberal churches, generally associated also with liberal politics and the "government solves all" mentality, prefer to use some sort of organization for their charity!) This says NOTHING about the level of charity that individual churches are involved in, or the personal contributions that individual members make privately; it says nothing about churches that fund their own soup kitchens, or give within their own membership to members in need, or about contributions that churchgoers make outside of their church, but because of their religious beliefs. Nor does it make any distinction for people who have little or no money to give in the first place (many of whom are in religiously conservative, poor, and rural areas - whereas the liberal churches tend to be attended by wealthy urbanites who prefer the lack of demand for personal commitment)! In fact, what does the mere selection of a charity service say about amounts and percentages of income actually given to charity? NOTHING! This reflects an extremely unscientific use of data by Barker!
He does seem aware of this incongruity, for he does address private giving - anecdotally! "Well, sure. A few churches feed the poor," he writes, and "Some churches (I remember) once or twice a year will pass a plastic 'Bread for the Hungry' loaf-bank around Sunday school classes..." [257-8] What's this? To prove that churches are not involved in charity, we get precise statistics; but where is this same precision when it comes to contributions made on a lower level? Are Barker's memories the same level of data as George Gallup's polls?
Thus, Barker relies on misrepresentation to make his points. This is simply his way of stumping for what he really wants: Direct taxation of churches. (If Barker had really wanted to reduce the federal deficit, he should have checked into cutting spending on wasteful government projects! The suggestion to tax churches sounds more like sour grapes than sound economic sense!)
|Moral Miscues: Chapter 50
In this chapter, Barker lays out his hill of beans on morality. Much of this chapter is merely preaching to the humanist choir; to wit, "We humans deserve respect," blah blah blah. Our concern will only be with the section in which Barker accuses God of being immoral, since we, unlike Barker, recognize that this is a subject that isn't dealt with in a mere 10-15 pages by someone who is merely copying what he has read from writers like Ingersoll. Here are responses to some specific charges (other than general "argument by outrage, no punishment is ever deserved" complaints):
- 1 Samuel 25
- Numbers 25:16-17, 31
- Exodus 34:6-7
- 2 Kings 2:23-4
- Judges 11:29-40
- 2 Samuel 21:1-14 and Leviticus 27:28-29
- Exodus 21; Luke 12:47-8
- Leviticus 21:18-23
- 2 Thess. 2:11 and Ezekiel 14:9
- Malachi 2:3, Ezekiel 4:12, 1 Kings 14:10, Nahum 3:5-6, Isaiah 3:17
- Isaiah 45:7
- Exodus 20:5
- Mark 14:3-9 -- Barker asks, "Where were the social programs that would eliminate poverty?" Is Barker so lacking in knowledge of the workings of the ancient world to think that proposing and implementing such programs would have been possible for someone in Jesus' social position?
- Mark 2:23
- Matthew 21
- Jesus and women
- Matthew 21:18-9, Mark 11:13-4
- Matthew 10:34//Luke 22:36
- Matthew 15:22-28
- Matthew 19:12
- On the "humble Jesus" -- that Barker "heard a lot" about this is his own lack. A view of Jesus as "humble" as in "not admitting his identity" is not Biblical.
- Matthew 6:19-20, 34; John 6:27 -- Luke 12:33 is advice to only one person, for whom money was obviously a barrier to salvation; the same may be said for sexual urges in Matthew 5:28 -- so does Barker think it's all right to lust after women? Does his wife agree?
- Luke 14:26
- Luke 6:30//Matthew 5:40-2
On the Ten Commandments: Most of Barker's complaints simply beg the question of God's existence and authority (i.e., the third commandment violates free speech!). Otherwise: On the Sabbath; not killing, the alleged second version; and on these and the Beatitudes, an attitude like Michael Martin's.
|Conclusion
Dan Barker should not be taken seriously. His arguments are more shock than substance, and there is almost no depth to his research. If you have read his book and been bothered by it, fear not - it's Bark is worse than its bite!
- Bark.LFIF - Barker, Dan. Losing Faith In Faith: From Preacher To Atheist. Madison WI: Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc., 1992
Upprisa Jesú Krists er ekki goðsögn | |
Tilkynna um óviðeigandi tengingu við frétt |
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Hinkraðu við, er þetta ekki gagnrýni á bók Barkers, Loosing faith in faith og Barker sjálfan sem persónu?
Hvað tengist það greininni á Vantrú? Hvar er rætt um spurninguna um upprisuna í þessari grein?
Matthías Ásgeirsson, 15.4.2009 kl. 15:59
Er þetta blogg ekki full langt?
Þorsteinn Sverrisson, 15.4.2009 kl. 16:04
Þetta blogg er a.m.k. ansi langt miðað við að það tengist ekki því sem um er rætt!
Og nei, Jesús reis virkilega ekki upp frá dauðum. Ef það hefði gerst, þá hefðum við almennilegar heimildir fyrir því vegna þess að það hlýtur að teljast fréttnæmt þegar menn taka upp á því að rísa upp úr gröfinni og ráfa um ásamt öðrum uppvakningum.
Matthías Ásgeirsson, 15.4.2009 kl. 16:07
Ef upprisan væri staðfestur sögulegur viðburður væru allir kristnir. Punktur.
sth (IP-tala skráð) 15.4.2009 kl. 16:10
Upprisan er náttúrulega lygi eins og fæðingin. Sagan er bara gerð á þennan máta til að gera persónuna að guðlegri veru eins og gert var við aðra á þessum tíma. Það var engin spámaður nema hafa fæðst meyfæðingu og risið upp frá dauðum.
Odie, 15.4.2009 kl. 16:33
Já, þetta er svolítið klúður hjá þér Mofi. Og síðan er afskaplega tæpt að vísa á tektonics.
Hjalti Rúnar Ómarsson, 15.4.2009 kl. 16:48
Matthías, nei, þetta bara gagnrýni á bók Dan Barkers. Þarf að svara þeirri grein sjálfur þar sem ég fann engann sem hafði svarað henni.
Nei, þetta blogg myndi vera allt of langt :/
Miðað við hve langt er síðan þá höfum við mjög almennilegar heimildir. Málið er kannski að þú hafnar þeim heimildum sem segja að þetta er satt af því að þær eru kristnir... það er eins og þú vilt heimildir sem segja að þetta er satt en síðan eru ekki kristnir... Er það ekki dáldið órökrétt?
sth, af hverju myndi Guð ekki leyfa þeim að efast sem vilja efast?
Odie, að Jesú er söguleg persóna er eitthvað sem er varla hægt að efast um ef maður hefur kynnt sér málið eitthvað. Hvort að Hann reis upp frá dauðum er auðvitað eitthvað sem menn taka í trú en það er trú sem er byggð á alvöru vitnisburði.
Hjalti, já...smá klúður. Ég aftur á móti er ekki sammála að það er hæpið að vísa á tectonics; þeir hafa sín rök og þau geta verið góð eða slæm.
Mofi, 15.4.2009 kl. 17:39
Ég ætlaði að benda þér á gott dæmi, en það er búið að taka niður þá síðu sem um ræðir á tektonics.org, en hérna geturðu lesið um þetta. Í stuttu máli þá er aðalmaðurinn á bak við síðuna (J.P. Holding) ólæs á hebresku og gerði ótrúlega heimskuleg mistök í svari til rabbía. Í staðinn fyrir að viðurkenna mistökin, þá svarar hann með uppnefnum (sem er annað einkenni hans), svarið hans byrjar: "Dear Stupid,"
Þessi síða hans er síðan full af rugli. Í þessari grein segir hann til dæmis:
Kíktu á kaflann. Hvað finnst þér um þessi rök hans?
Hjalti Rúnar Ómarsson, 15.4.2009 kl. 17:54
Ég ætla að byrja á að segja að ég efast ekki vegna þess að ég vilji það. Ég efast um hluti vegna þess að ég hef ekki góða ástæðu til að vera viss um þá.
Burtséð frá þessu má finna nokkur svör við þessari illa ígrunduðu spurningu þinni.
Ég gæti til dæmis nefna það að algóður gvuð hlyti að kæra sig svolítið um hvað verður að hinni eilífu sál minni.
Nema algóður þýði raunar ekki algóður, eins og manni finnst oft á þér. Hér þýðir algóður: "sá sem vill varðveita frjálsan vilja". Þetta er bersýnilega lélegt undanskot og enn lélegra í ljósi þess að aldrei virðistu geta svarað hvað verðu um frjálsan vilja í ríki gvuðs (himnaríki).
En þetta er útúrdúr.
Önnur og betri ástæða væri náttúrulega sú staðreynd að gvuð Biblíunnar er, skv. Biblíunni, ólýsanlega grimmur og myndi sjálfsagt drepa saklaus ungabörn (og hefur gert nota bene) með bros á vör, bara af því að hann var í þannig skapi. Við erum nú einu sinni að tala um gvuð sem refsar fólki fyrir glæpi sem langafar þeirra og -ömmur frömdu.
Þriðja ástæðan væri sú að þessi sami gvuð er svakalega smásálarlegur og á við alveg gríðarlega minnimáttarkennd að eiga. Svo mikla reyndar að hann refsar fólki fyrir að trúa ekki á sig og, já, jafnvel að tilbiðja hann á röngum degi. Slíkur gvuð myndi ekki víla fyrir sér að refsa fólki fyrir að nota "gjöf" sem hann "gaf" þeim, "gjöf" á borð við frjálsan vilja.
Eitthvað fór nú úrskeiðis hjá kéllinum í sköpuninni skv. þessu. Ég meina allra fyrstu manneskjurnar sem hann skapaði óhlýðnuðust honum... Hugsaðu um það. Þarna, í litlum garði á talsvert stærri plánetu í gríðarlegum alheimi sem gvuð skapaði aðeins fyrir þetta eina par (það má ofgera öllu...) skapaði hinn ALvitri gvuð tvær manneskjur vitandi það að þær myndu óhlýðnast honum.
Vitandi þetta ákvað hinn ALgóði gvuð að planta tveimur trjám í miðjan aldingarðinn sem hann bannaði þessum tveimur manneskjum að borða af. Þurfti hann að gera það? Varla. Jæja, vitandi allt ofangreint ákvað hinn ALgóði gvuð að refsingin fyrir að éta af þessum trjám væri dauði.
Einhverra hluta vegna er gvuð búinn að skapa þarna talandi snák sem virðist búa yfir talsverði þekkingu á gvuði og trjánum hans. Að undirlagi hans éta bæði Adam og Eva af öðru trénu og uppskera dauða... Nei bíddu, þau dóu víst ekki. Gvuð var bara að skrökva að þeim þegar hann sagði það.
Þegar hinn ALmáttugi gvuð sem er ALLstaðar kemur svo labbandi, já labbandi, talandi við sjálfan sig felur parið sig. Hinn ALvitri gvuð kreistir síðan játningu úr þeim og virðist verða svaka reiður og hissa. En í staðin fyrir að drepa þau, eins og refsingin fyrir óhjákvæmilegt atvik sem hann skipulagði meira að segja frá grunni, þá refsar hann öllum kynslóðum manna sem nokkurn tíman munu verða til... Já mikil er viska og miskunn gvuðs.
Núna þurfa menn að strita fyrir fæðunni og konur að þjást við barnsburð og deyja svo að lokinni erfiðri æfi. Snákurinn þarf svo að skríða á jörðinni (sem virðist ekki hrjá honum mikið reyndar).
En bíðum hæg, það er enn von! Eftir að gvuði mistókst að skapa gott mannkyn, eftir að gvuði mistókst að uppræta syndina með því að drekkja nánast öllu lifandi, eftir að gvuð ruglaði tungum manna og dreifði þeim um jörðina og stuðlaði þannig að nánast öllum stríðum framtíðarinnar, eftir að gvuð eyðir tveimur borgum og öllu sem í því er (talandi um micro management, pff...) o.fl. o.fl. þá nauðgar gvuð, í mynd heilags anda (ég segi nauðga því hvað á maður annars að kalla það þegar kona er neydd til að ganga með barn einhvers?) og til verður sonur hans, sem er líka hann sjálfur.
Þessi sonur hans, sem er líka hann sjálfur, gengur um og gerir ýmis kraftaverk og safnar að sér lærisveinum og fleira í þeim dúr, rétt eins og svo margir spámenn hans tíma. Að lokum fórnar gvuð syni sínum, sem er líka hann sjálfur, til að friðþægja sjálfan sig og borga fyrir alla glæpi mannkyns. Sonurinn, eða gvuð eða hvað maður segir er meira að segja nokkuð hissa skv. einu guðspjallinu hvers vegna faðir hans, eða hann sjálfur, hefur yfirgefið sig...
Vonin felst þó ekki í þessum dauða því eftir óvenju stutta dvöl á krossinum (venjulega tók þetta marga daga og oft var reynt að halda í þeim lífinu sem á krossunum héngu sem lengst. Sportið var að sjá þá stikna í sólinni. Jesú dó eftir örfáa tíma) fá stuðningsmenn hans einhverra hluta vegna að taka hann niður, sem er mjög óvenjulegt í ljósi þess að Rómverjar vildu láta líkin hanga öðrum til viðvörunar, og setja hann í gröf. Og gettu hvað, heldurðu að helvítið rísi ekki upp frá dauðum? Jújú, og í því felst þessi von (wtf?).
Í stuttu máli; eftir að gvuð leiddi forfeður okkar í gildru og refsaði síðan afkomendum þeirra fyrir "glæpi" þeirra reyndi hann nokkrum sinnum að laga þessi leiðu mistök en tókst ekki. Hann fann svo smá loophole í samningnum með því að fórna sjálfum sér til að friðþægja sjálfan sig. Eftir óvenju stuttar þjáningar fá svo nokkrir að grafa lík hans, þrátt fyrir það er gegnt öllum venjum Rómverja, og hann sigrar svo dauðan, sem hann bjó til sjálfur nota bene, á þremur dögum og rís upp ásamt fullt af öðru dauðu fólki - atburður sem ENGINN samtímamaður sagði frá (skrítið, þetta er nú ansi merkilegur atburður). Þess vegna eigum við kost á að lifa áfram eftir að líkami okkar og heili og þar með meðvitundin er dauð.
Makes perfect sense!!
sth (IP-tala skráð) 15.4.2009 kl. 19:41
I don't need a reason to disbelieve. I only need a reason to believe, and I don't have one.
sth (IP-tala skráð) 15.4.2009 kl. 19:47
Mofi: Odie, að Jesú er söguleg persóna er eitthvað sem er varla hægt að efast um ef maður hefur kynnt sér málið eitthvað. Hvort að Hann reis upp frá dauðum er auðvitað eitthvað sem menn taka í trú en það er trú sem er byggð á alvöru vitnisburði.
Já þá má vel vera að hann hafi verið til. En flestir allir atburðir í hring um líf hans eru tilbúningur. Sem er synd því það gerir lítið úr manninum. Það er nú ekki eins og það hafi verið vandamál að fela lík hans eftir dauða hans.
Odie, 16.4.2009 kl. 09:46
Ég svo sem kannast við að vera orðinn pirraður og vilja uppnefna en sannarlega alltaf slæmt.
Þau ganga ekki upp en mig grunar að hann var að hugsa um dæmið þegar Jesú segir við einn mann að hann eigi að selja allar eignir sínar ef hann vill vera fullkominn og það ráð var aðeins til eins einstaklings. Ég sé ekki af hverju einhver ætti að vera að rökræða þessi vers þarna, allir hljóta að vera sammála því að það er göfugt að gefa fátækum og því hlýtur að vera beint til allra.
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 10:25
Þú hefur sköpunarverkið til að vita að Guð er til og þú hefur samvisku til að segja þér til um hvernig þér farnast á dómsdegi. Í Biblíunni hefurðu síðan loforð Guðs um að þeir sem leita Hans af öllu hjarta munu finna Hann.
Menn hafa mismunandi skoðun á hvað algóður þýðir. Ég held að við sem mjög takmarkaðir menn sem við mjög lítið um heiminn sem við búum í og sjáum mjög stutt fram í framtíðina eigum mjög erfitt með að sjá hvað er raunverulega gott og hvað er ekki.
Varðandi frjálsan vilja þá tel ég að ég og þú værum ekki til ef frjáls vilji væri ekki til; að okkar tilvera er háð því að við höfum frjálsan vilja.
Í fyrsta lagi þá er það aðeins ástæða til að hafna Guði Gamla Testamentisins, ekki Guði almennt. Í öðru lagi þá ef þú gefur þér þá forsendu að Guð er til, þá ef Hann tekur líf frá einhverjum í þessu lífi þá getur Hann bætt þeim það upp svo í mörgum tilfellum þá getur Guð hafa verið að bjarga einhverjum frá hræðilegu lífi á þessari jörð. Kannski ef þú vissir allt um málið hefðir þú grátbeðið Guð um að gera það sem Hann gerði því að gera það ekki hefði verið að þínu mati hræðilegt.
Alveg eins og börn skilja ekki oft þegar mamma eða pabbi eru að setja þeim reglur eða hvað þá refsa þeim að þá eru þau að gera það af því að þau vita betur og þegar barnið vex upp þá skilur það af hverju foreldrarnir gerðu ákveðna hluti og það var ekki í einhverri vondsku eins og það kannski hélt heldur af því að þeim þótti vænt um barnið og vissu hvað því var fyrir bestu.
Ég sé ekki þetta með að refsa fólki fyrir að tilbiðja á röngum degi. Ég sé refsingu við uppreisn þar sem fólk velur að óhlýðnast en ekki refsingu ef einhver bara veit ekki betur en meinar vel.
Kannski virkar svona óhlýðni ekki merkileg en hún er í rauninni einstaklingar að segja að þeir vilja vera Guð, þeir vilja ákveða hvað er rétt og hvað er rangt þrátt fyrir yfirlýstan vilja Guðs í þeim efnum.
Við vitum svo sem ekki hve margir þarna munu erfa eilíft líf en síðan er þetta aðeisn hluti af stærri mynd þar sem okkar tilvera væri líklegast ekki í myndinni ef þetta hefði verið öðru vísi. Ekki gleyma því að okkar tilvera virðist vera háð þessum atburðum og hver erum við að gagnrýna Guð fyrir það gjald sem þarf að borga fyrir okkar eigin tilveru. Ef Guð telur það vera þess virði... Fólk hefur síðan þetta val sjálft, að minnsta kosti fékk þetta fólk að vera til og ákveða sín örlög sjálf.
Hann setti aðeins fram valið og þegar einstaklingurinn valdi óhlýðni þá varð hann aðskilin frá Guði. Biblían lýsir þessu þannig að Guð tók burt aðganginn að tré lífsins því að það væri slæmt fyrir manninn sjálfan að lifa að eilífu í þessu ástandi. Dauðinn er viðvörun um hvaða örlög bíða okkar ef við mætum dómnum án náðar Guðs; ef einhver velur líf án Guðs þá er Hann að velja að deyja því að Guð er uppspretta lífs.
Ég veit ekki betur en þau eru dáin. Ef þú hefur einhverjar meiri upplýsingar um það þá væri gaman að heyra þær :)
Well, tannlæknirinn kallar með sínum vanalegu kvölum sem fylgja þessu lífi. Ég trúi því samt að þjáningar saga þessa heims þjóni æðri tilgangi sem er tilvera okkar og þá sérstaklega tilvera þeirra sem öðlast eilíft líf.
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 10:56
Mofi:Í fyrsta lagi þá er það aðeins ástæða til að hafna Guði Gamla Testamentisins, ekki Guði almennt. Í öðru lagi þá ef þú gefur þér þá forsendu að Guð er til, þá ef Hann tekur líf frá einhverjum í þessu lífi þá getur Hann bætt þeim það upp svo í mörgum tilfellum þá getur Guð hafa verið að bjarga einhverjum frá hræðilegu lífi á þessari jörð. Kannski ef þú vissir allt um málið hefðir þú grátbeðið Guð um að gera það sem Hann gerði því að gera það ekki hefði verið að þínu mati hræðilegt.
Vá segi ég bara. Í alvöru heldur þú þetta ?
Þannig að þegar Nasistar sendu gyðinga í útrýmingarbúðir þá voru þeir að hjálpa þeim eða okkur ?
Þegar flóðið drap um 200.000 manns árið 2006 þá var það góðverk ?
Ég vissi að vegir guðs voru óskiljanlegir en annað eins ógeð á ég erfitt með að skilja.
Odie, 16.4.2009 kl. 11:45
Þetta er aðeins stríðsvöllurinn sem vandamál illskunnar verður útkljáð þar sem flestir taka þátt í þeim átökum taka þátt í þeim í mjög stuttan tíma enda manns ævin afskaplega stutt.
Ég held að flestar kristnar konur og bara lang flestir kristnir líta á Maríu sem mjög heiðraða konu að fá að vera móðir Guðs. Við höfum enga ástæðu til að ætla að hún hafi verið neydd til að gera eitthvað sem hún vildi ekki.
Það er ekki eins og við höfum marga "keppinauta"... má segja að sá sem kom á eftir Jesú hafi verið Múhammeð og það var mörg hundruð árum seinna.
Eins og ég skil þetta atriði þá er Kristur persóna og Guð faðirinn önnur persóna. Sumt af því sem Kristur sagði var fyrir þá sem heyrðu til Hans, ekki vegna þess að Hann vissi ekki hvað var í gangi. Biblían samt gefur sterklega til kynna að Kristur hafði sett á sig einhverjar mannlegar takmarkanir.
Það sem sagan sýnir er að þessi verknaður var ekki vegna þess að rómverjar vildu vara einhvern við heldur vegna þess að yfirvöldum gyðinga fannst sér vega ógnað af Kristi svo í þessu tilfelli þá höfðu rómverjar ekki ástæðu til að nota Krist öðrum til viðvörunnar.
Af hverju þessi talsmáti og andúð?
Leiddi engan í gildru, fólk tók allt sínar eigin ákvarðanir.
Á dómsdegi verða tveir hópar fólks, þeir sem eru sekir um eignigirni, græðgi, þjófnað, lygar og morð og fleira og síðan annar hópur sem er alveg jafn sekur. Réttlætið væri að allir sem tilheyra báðum þessum hópum myndu deyja en Guð uppfyllti kröfur réttlætis með því að borga sjálfur gjaldið sem annar hópurinn ætti að þola.
Má líkja því við son sem hefur gert eitthvað ólöglegt og situr frammi fyrir fimm árum í fangelsi eða borga 50 miljónir en faðir hans ákveður að borga gjaldið fyrir soninn svo hann þurfi ekki að fara í fangelsi. Kröfum réttlætisins fullnægt þó að sonurinn fær að fara burt án þess að borga sjálfur gjaldið.
Höfundar Nýja Testamentisins voru samtíma menn og voru þó nokkrir segja frá þessu. Þetta var það sem frum kirkjan hélt fram og hún óx á gífurlegum hraða sem er mjög erfitt að útskýra ef þetta var allt lygi.
Nei, þess vegna eigum við von að fá aftur líf þegar að því kemur. Sá sem gat skapað okkur upprunalega mun endurskapa okkur.
Ég lít svo á að allir þurfa trú til að svara stóru spurningum lífsins og þú bara svarar þeim öðru vísi en ég. Mín upplifun er að það þyrfti mikið til að trúa einhverju öðru því að þetta er það sem mér finnst trúlegast miðað við það sem ég veit.
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 14:52
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 14:56
Þú verður að afsaka Mofi minn, en Guð drepur augljóslega fólk alla daga (ef þú trúir á hann á annað borð). Það er bara spurning um hvernig. Einhverjir eru sem sagt verkfæri guðs ekki satt ? Þannig að Nóa flóðið var annað hvort náttúruhamfarir eða hendi guðs. Þetta á við allt ekki satt ? Þannig að hendi guðs er á öllu eins og ég skil þig.
Já það er síðan auðvelt að bera saman guð og nasista, en guð bjó til Lúsífer og þar með skapaði hann illskuna ekki satt?
P.s. Mér finnst ekki í lagi að fólk deyi í náttúruhamförum. Ég er bara að benda þér á að ef þú trúir á guð, þá á hann þátt í þeim.
Odie, 16.4.2009 kl. 15:19
Odie, mér finnst þetta undarlegt sjónarhorn. Guð er sá sem gefur líf og allir deyja að lokum, stóra spurningin er hvort að þeir fái aftur að lifa eftir það. Ég sé ekki út frá þeirri forsendu að Guð er til, hvort að einhver lifi hér í fá ár eða mjög fá ár. Leyfi Guði að njóta vafans þegar Hann setur einhvern hérna á pásu, geri ráð fyrir því að Hann er kærleiksríkari en ég og að Hann viti meiri um málið en ég.
Varðandi uppruna illskunnar þá er Guð hið góða en gefur öllum val um að hafna sjálfum sér.
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 15:24
Mofi, En kjarni málsins er að hann ræður örlögunum (Ef þú trúir). Þannig að hann ber ábyrgð á hinu góða jafnt sem hinu illa. Þannig að spurningin er sem fyrr hvernig er hægt að dásama guð (láta njóta vafans) sem drepur fólk hægri og vinstri samanber flóðið 2006 eða helför nasista.
Odie, 16.4.2009 kl. 16:01
Odie, hvernig getur sá sem upphaflega gaf lífið verið sagður myrða ef einhverjir missa það? Hvað þá þegar þeir missa það vegna illsku annara. Miklu frekar að Guð gaf þessu fólki tækifæri að vera til og kannski fær það að vera til að eilífu sem fer aðalega eftir þeirra eigin vali í þessu lífi. Þú virðist fókusa aðeins á þetta líf en ef Guð er til þá er þetta líf örstutt og skiptir ekki máli þegar stóra myndin er skoðuð fyrir utan þá mikilvægu ákvörðun sem fólk þarf að taka í þessu stutta lífi.
Mofi, 16.4.2009 kl. 16:29
En það er eitt af einkennum hans að vera alltaf að uppnefna of vera með ómálefnaleg leiðindi.
Nákvæmlega. Það er ekkert að marka hann.
Hjalti Rúnar Ómarsson, 16.4.2009 kl. 17:36
Morfi: Odie, hvernig getur sá sem upphaflega gaf lífið verið sagður myrða ef einhverjir missa það? Hvað þá þegar þeir missa það vegna illsku annara. Miklu frekar að Guð gaf þessu fólki tækifæri að vera til og kannski fær það að vera til að eilífu sem fer aðalega eftir þeirra eigin vali í þessu lífi. Þú virðist fókusa aðeins á þetta líf en ef Guð er til þá er þetta líf örstutt og skiptir ekki máli þegar stóra myndin er skoðuð fyrir utan þá mikilvægu ákvörðun sem fólk þarf að taka í þessu stutta lífi.
Sá sem t.d. hannar og smíðar sprengju og lætur einhvern fá hana ber ábyrgð á henni. Guð ber ábyrgð á sköpunarverkinu. Hann getur ekki bara borið ábyrgð á því sem lítur vel út. Hann ber ábyrgð á hinu líka.
Biblían talar síðan ekkert um fleiri líf. Það eru nýaldar pælingar eða karma pælingar.
Odie, 16.4.2009 kl. 22:05
Höfundar Nýja Testamentisins voru samtíma menn og voru þó nokkrir segja frá þessu.
Höfundar NT voru ekki samtímamenn Jesú, það er einfaldlega rangt og ekki í samræmi við nein fræði; elsa guðspjallið er skrifað að talið er 70 árum eftir dauða Jesú. Hin eru öll einhverjum amk áratugum eldri.
Með nútíma læknavísindum getum við í dag haft lifandi heimildamenn um atburðu sem gerðust 1930-1940 en rannsóknir á mannabeinum frá þessum tíma benda eindregið til þess fólks á þessum árum lifði ekki svo lengi. Það er alveg útilokað að neitt af eldri guðspjöllunum sé eftir samtímamenn Jesú.
Einar Þór (IP-tala skráð) 17.4.2009 kl. 09:56
Bæta við athugasemd [Innskráning]
Ekki er lengur hægt að skrifa athugasemdir við færsluna, þar sem tímamörk á athugasemdir eru liðin.